So, I really love arranging a lot of voices for my voice on my tracks when composing, but I'm finding this to be more of a problem now that I am exploring the live aspect of Ableton Live. I really want to perform all my choice parts without having to loop a long phrase 7 times, and also risking a lot. I know you can buy pedals that do this somehow (TC Helicon among others), but I can't seem to figure out how to add voices on my own voice just using Ableton. If the only solution is to buy a pedal I have to figure something else out..

If any of you visited Loop 2016 in Berlin and saw the girl performing with the gloves, that is EXACTLY what I want to do!
But if you were some place else, watch this video to get an idea: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=niwICkj31HI

Edit: Oh, hold on! Is it just a vocoder??!

I think something that does real-time pitch shifting will give you better results than a vocoder. The Polyverse Manipulator plugin is worth a look: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fwfl3bRmv8Y Unfortunately no demo available

EDIT: found this great free diatonic harmonizer plugin: http://aegeanmusic.com/pitchproof-Specs. It only does one voice, but you can create more complex harmonies by running multiple instances. Combine that with something like melda's MAutoPitch for autotuning and formant shifting, and you can set up a nice free harmonizer.

EDIT2: Quick test with pitchproof: https://clyp.it/xkliwo5e
I used three instances: one -12 semitones for bass, one a third up and one a fifth up. I shifted the formants separately for each voice to better match my own voice.