Types of EQ curves
Bell Curve
Used to increase or decrease a wide range of frequencies. (more overall mid range, less overall mid range etc.)
Peak
Used to increase or decrease a targeted range of frequencies (More punch in a kick, More bite in a snare).
Notch
Used to decrease a specific problem frequency (A resonance in a single bass note or synth, a ring in a snare drum). 449hz -12.8 db Q 8.57
High Shelf
Used to decrease or increase the overall brightness (adds air to a vocalist, add sizzle to a synth or snare). 3.54hz 7.56db Q 0.71
Low Shelf
Used to increase or decrease the overall bass (reduce rumble in a sound, increase low end power in a bass). 255z -6.32db Q 0.71
High Pass Filter
Used to eliminate bass frequencies (clean up unwanted bass from a hi hat or vocalist, sweep for effect).
Low Pass Filter
Used to eliminate high frequency (clean up unwanted high frequencies on a bass or synth, sweep for effect) 2.37 kHz 0.00db Q 0.72
Band Stop Filter
Used to eliminate a group of frequencies (seep for effect). 790hz 0.00db Q 0.61
To add on to this, you will often see these grouped into larger categories of EQ terms. Shelves and Filters are the more obvious of the two, but most of the time people just group peak, notch, and bell curve altogether under term "band".
Another point is that when you increase the Q value on a Band Stop filter, you will sometimes see this called as a "Notch Filter". The difference between this and a notch band is comparable to that between a high-pass filter and a low shelf.
Also you will sometimes see low-pass filters be called hi-cut or hi-pass filters be called low-cut.
A lot of issues you may stumble upon right away will be sheerly due to the wide variety of terminology, but it isn't really something to worry about. Just stick with whatever your EQ of choice calls it and once time comes along it'll be easier to adapt.